Philosophical Concept Of Friendship

Philosophical Concept Of Friendship I would like to discuss in this paper the concept of friendship and its significance in our life. The concept of friendship has old roots and Aristotle defined it many centuries ago. I think we should think about this notion through the historical perspective and also connect it with our todays reality. I would like to present in this several definitions of friendship and they will reflect different eras of humankind existence. According to modern definition of a friend we can say that it is defined as one joined to another in intimacy and mutual benevolence independently of sexual or family love. (Yager, 2002) But according to Aristotle this term is much deeper and is used in broader frames. According to Hardie Aristotle regards less intimate bonds as friendships as well as the intimate relationship in the modern definition. Relationships between husband and wife, father and son, neighbors, business partners, team members, members of a political party, teacher and student, etc. would all be viewed as friendships in Aristotles eyes. (Hardie, 1968) Using previous definitions as example and basing on the we could determine that first of all, the word friendship has not one, but several different meanings. And it is normal not only in our time, because it was normal also many years ago. If to be exact in our calculations, something about two thousand years ago it was found by Aristotle, who actually tried to define the different types of friendship and to select among them true friendship. He distinguishes mainly friendship based on the interest and friendship of the noble, which alone deserves the right to be present. Therefore, even in ancient Greece, the relations linking the two businesspersons were seen not as a friendship, but as interest in the success of the common cause. If to be strict in our judgments and taking into account Aristotles thoughts we should mention that, the friendship between politicians will be also often seen as a way to succeed in politics. (Kraut, 1989) Thus, if we briefly list the most common meanin g of that word, we see that in most cases the word friendship has little in common with our notion of a real friend. We know that there are three main features of friendship and among them are recognition of being in this relationship; mutuality of the relationship; wanting the best for another person. But there are several types of friendship that should not be mixed with each other. Each type show one side of peoples relationships and sometimes it is easily to confuse it with friendship. Friendship is valued it in different religions in its own way and we should look at them attentively. For example we see that this notion really variously interprets in Judaism, Christianity, or Islam, but its has the same essence in general understanding. For example, in Christianity, friendship is secondary to the universal love of agape; in Judaism, friendship is secondary to the love of family, but in Islamic teaching friendship is a force that promotes the identification that does not value things, and horizons of its existence in the world. I mean that friendship is a high level of personal morality and to be a friend is honorable status in Islam. According to Islamic teaching people should know that people around them are divided into three categories: for strangers, the familiar and friends. I would like to present the next information in the form of advice taking from Islam, because this from of presentation will allow to plunge into the question of friendship with more details. First of all, at a meeting with strangers do not interfere in their conversation; do not listen to empty talk, especially if there used bad words. Try a smaller meet with them, and when they meet you try to advice them in a friendly manner to pay their attention to their bad deeds. According to people familiar to you beware as you can. Do not look at them with arrogance, because among them may be those who are best for you. Do not look at them with servility because of their wealth, because it would adversely affect you most. Do not use your faith for the sake of getting from them any benefit. In this case, they will not respect you. If they are hostile to you, then do not answer them the same way. Do not deceive yourself, if you exalt. Do not be surprised if people are on the side to talk to you about something bad. If you ask these people to help and they will help you, then do not forget to thank them for that and thank Allah the Almighty. In the event that your request does not c omply, do not be offended. Accept excuses and do not be a deceiver himself. You should keep track of the faults of others. If you find some familiars generosity, respect and love, thank God, Who created them that love you. According to Lewis, if you meet some damage on their part, try to stop them, because most people who are sowing injury, will try to settle with you even for small condemnation of their actions. (Lewis, 1974) Many of them are well-disposed mind, and soul like wolves. Do not rely on the friendship of those who have not experienced, as it should. Moreover, let your opinion of people will be good. As for your friends, then they should have five qualities: intelligence, high morals, piety, honesty, indifference to the pleasures of this life. No friends with those who have low morals. These cannot restrain himself nor anger, nor in their pleasures. Thinking about my own life experience, I would like to explain what I understand under the world friendship, taking into account my own life and all situations that occurred with me. Intuitively, the word friendship gives me an idea of profound, honest, pursuing a trust and candour. Empirical studies also show that the vast majority of people understand a friendship exactly in this way. In my opinion based on my research of the notion friendship, I could say that a friend is a person who is a pleasure to do good to another, and who believes that the other feels for him the same feelings. I believe that Friendship is necessary to everyone, even to those who denied it. In my opinion little child, and old man, rich and busy person all of them need friends, and amount of such people is possibly to enumerate for a long time. Friendship based on common interests, mutual support, understanding and, most importantly, on trust. When people have no necessity to talk about something, they just do not make sense to communicate. A friend is a very important person in our lives. Sometimes I feel that it is necessary for hours someone to talk to, share problems and secrets, disbosom to the best friend. It is rather hard to be alone and have no friends in such moments, because most cherished to share only with a really close and trusted man. Just Friends or familiar as the called in Islamic teaching is impossible to tell very intimate things and ask for advice. In my mysteries and depth of my thoughts, I dedicate only one person my best friend, person whom I trust and whom I love. This person differs from others that we have many difficult situations together and exactly is person was near me and help when it was necessary not only with kind word but also with deed. Thus, based on observed information we could come to the conclusion that a friend, we cannot win in the lottery or just found on the street. Friendship is a very complicated relationship. They do not appear immediately, out of nothing. Any relationship, including friendship, we need to build, and build for a long time. Spread each brick, each stair. This is a hard work to build friendship, find it and then save, not lose. I think that art of friendship is not given to everybody. This is a very fine science. Conceited, vain, and mercantile people cannot be true friends. They love only themselves and in friendship are trying to pull the maximum benefit for themselves. I wan to add in the end of my paper that friendship is very important to me and I have two best friends, I appreciate and respect these two people. They are the most precious thing in my life and I do not want to lose them in any case.

Freedom and Reason In Kant Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Freedom and Reason in Kant Morality, Kant says, cannot be regarded as a set of rules which prescribe the means necessary to the achievement of a given end; its rules must be obeyed without consideration of the consequences that will follow from doing so or not. A principle that presupposes a desired object as the determinant of the will cannot give rise to a moral law; that is, the morality of an act of will cannot be determined by the matter or content of the will for when the will is materially determined the question of its morality does not arise. This consideration leads Kant to one of his most important theses. If the moral character of willing is not determined by the content of what is willed, it must be determined by the form:" If a rational being can think of his maxims as universal laws, he can do so only by considering them as principles which contain the determining ground of the will because of their form and not because of their matter". Therefore, the morality of a maxim is determined by its functioning as a universal law, applicable as a general rule to every rational agent. Since a moral will must be so in virtue of its form alone, the will must be capable of a purely formal determination; that is, it must be possible for a man to act in a certain way for the sole reason that willing in this way is prescribed by a universal law, no matter what the empirical results will be. A will to which moral considerations apply must be, in the strictest sense, a free will, one that can function independently of the laws of natural causality. The concept of morality, therefore, has to be explained in terms of a universal moral law, and the ability to will in obedience to such a law leads us to postulate the freedom. The freedom which Kant is talking about, is not only a negative freedom consisting in the absence of constraint by empirical causes, it is also a positive freedom which consists in the ability to make acts of will in accordance with the moral law, for no other reason than that they are in accordance with it. Freedom, in this sense, corresponds to Autonomy of the will and its absence ( any situation in which the will is determined by external causes ) is called Heteronomy. In obeying the moral law for the sake of the law alone, the will is autonomous because it is obeying a law which it imposes on itself. .. ...e person, as Reason, as belonging to the intellectual world, is not affected by the laws of Determinism: he is free. This is Kant's proof of Freedom. Is it satisfactory? Later on, in the "Critics of Practical Reason", Kant does not attempt to deduce synthetically Morality from Freedom, as he tried to do in the Grounding by stating that Freedom was the necessary condition for Morality, but he assumes the moral law as a "fact of the reason" from which he infers Freedom. There have been critics blaming Kant of a sort of vicious circle, because he seemed to demonstrate Freedom by means of deduction from Morality and then to show the possibility of the Categorical Imperative deducing it from Freedom. Kant answers that there is no vicious circle because in the ontological order Freedom is the condition for Morality ( it is not possible to follow the duty for the duty if you are not free), but in the order of our knowledge, the moral law is the requirement for Freedom ( we would not consider ourselves free, if we did not think of ourselves as subject to the moral law). Freedom is the ratio essendi of the moral law, but the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of Freedom. Freedom and Reason In Kant Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays Freedom and Reason in Kant Morality, Kant says, cannot be regarded as a set of rules which prescribe the means necessary to the achievement of a given end; its rules must be obeyed without consideration of the consequences that will follow from doing so or not. A principle that presupposes a desired object as the determinant of the will cannot give rise to a moral law; that is, the morality of an act of will cannot be determined by the matter or content of the will for when the will is materially determined the question of its morality does not arise. This consideration leads Kant to one of his most important theses. If the moral character of willing is not determined by the content of what is willed, it must be determined by the form:" If a rational being can think of his maxims as universal laws, he can do so only by considering them as principles which contain the determining ground of the will because of their form and not because of their matter". Therefore, the morality of a maxim is determined by its functioning as a universal law, applicable as a general rule to every rational agent. Since a moral will must be so in virtue of its form alone, the will must be capable of a purely formal determination; that is, it must be possible for a man to act in a certain way for the sole reason that willing in this way is prescribed by a universal law, no matter what the empirical results will be. A will to which moral considerations apply must be, in the strictest sense, a free will, one that can function independently of the laws of natural causality. The concept of morality, therefore, has to be explained in terms of a universal moral law, and the ability to will in obedience to such a law leads us to postulate the freedom. The freedom which Kant is talking about, is not only a negative freedom consisting in the absence of constraint by empirical causes, it is also a positive freedom which consists in the ability to make acts of will in accordance with the moral law, for no other reason than that they are in accordance with it. Freedom, in this sense, corresponds to Autonomy of the will and its absence ( any situation in which the will is determined by external causes ) is called Heteronomy. In obeying the moral law for the sake of the law alone, the will is autonomous because it is obeying a law which it imposes on itself. .. ...e person, as Reason, as belonging to the intellectual world, is not affected by the laws of Determinism: he is free. This is Kant's proof of Freedom. Is it satisfactory? Later on, in the "Critics of Practical Reason", Kant does not attempt to deduce synthetically Morality from Freedom, as he tried to do in the Grounding by stating that Freedom was the necessary condition for Morality, but he assumes the moral law as a "fact of the reason" from which he infers Freedom. There have been critics blaming Kant of a sort of vicious circle, because he seemed to demonstrate Freedom by means of deduction from Morality and then to show the possibility of the Categorical Imperative deducing it from Freedom. Kant answers that there is no vicious circle because in the ontological order Freedom is the condition for Morality ( it is not possible to follow the duty for the duty if you are not free), but in the order of our knowledge, the moral law is the requirement for Freedom ( we would not consider ourselves free, if we did not think of ourselves as subject to the moral law). Freedom is the ratio essendi of the moral law, but the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of Freedom.

Semiotic Analysis

2012 Unit Profile Unit Code Unit Title Provider Unit Type Level of Study EFTSL Delivery Method SGY110 Australian and Global Society Macquarie University UGRD Undergraduate Level 1 0. 125 Fully Online Unit Overview Commence your studies of society by learning about the sociological framework and establish skills for life. You will be introduced to many of the ways in which sociologists think about the most intimate aspects of life – such as sexuality, the family and gender – as well as to larger and often impersonal structural features, such as social class, the labour market and social policy.You will also have the opportunity to use social research techniques such as interviews and observation in the real world, as well as to uncover the secrets often hidden in other sources of information and data. Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. What is sociology? History of sociology and key ideas What is a social fact?Australian families Gender, language and dominatio n The life course – growing up in the 21st century Religion and social change Media, race and ethnicity Class and inequality Work, employment and society Crime and society Globalisation: the world as social context Learning Outcomes At the completion of this unit students will: 1. be familiar with the key sociological concepts as they are applied to the study of Australian society 2. be aware of existing patterns of social structure and the processes and nature of change currently taking place 3. ave developed a broad understanding of the nature and methods of social science 4. be able to use basic social research skills to undertake some types of original, primary research under supervision. Page 1 2012 Unit Profile Assessment – Non-Invigilated Exam – Take Home Exam (30%) Online Discussion (15%) Report1 – Investigative Report (40%) Report2 – Thematic Activity Report (15%) Textbooks Prerequisites Special Requirements This unit does not have a presc ribed textbook(s). – Broadband access Page 2

John Milton s Poetry And Sonnets - 1083 Words

John Milton was a great poet during the English Civil War. He was not really discovered until Charles II was in charge and called to restore and rule in France. Milton lost his eyesight in 1651. He had been married a few times, his first wife passed away in 1652, and his second wife passed away in 1658 shortly after child birth. Most people believe his poem, â€Å"Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint† was for his beloved second wife, due to the fact that he was blind and never saw her face and her passing after childbirth. Milton’s poetry/sonnets are different from any other. He involves Politics and Religion. In his sonnets he will start them off one way, and then with the last two lines throw a twist on it. This is one reason Milton is famous. As stated above, Milton does interesting stuff with his work. Each sonnet has fourteen lines, just like a Shakespearean sonnet, but the rhyme scheme is different. Milton uses what is called a Petrarchan (or â€Å"Italian†) sonnet. It is composed of eight lines (octave) followed by another six lines (sestet). The octave part of his sonnet has a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA, and the last six are CDCDCD. The thing with Milton though is he throws in a turning point in his sonnet, also known as a â€Å"volta.† The turning point for his sonnets is at lines thirteen and fourteen. These sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, alternating every other syllable. Milton also throws in a curve ball on the meter, causing a shift in theShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Jonh Miltons Sonnet 8 1310 Words   |  6 PagesMilton returned to England about 1641 when the political and religious affairs were very disturbing to many. He started to apply his work in practice for that one great work like Paradise Lost when penning the Sonnets. Not every sonnet is identical but they can be difficult in interpretation, styles, word use, and so forth. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Milton’s Sonnet 8 (ca 1642), â€Å"Captain or Colonel.† This will be done by explaining the type of theme and then separating the sonnet intoRead MoreBiography of John Milton Essay example1079 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Milton was the second oldest child born to the union of senior John Milton and Sara Jeffrey. He was born December 9, 1608 in London. Milton lived with his family in a home located very near to St. Paul’s Cathedral. John Milton Sr. was able to afford a private tutor for John because he acquired some wealth through his work as a legal secretary. Milton’s father prepared and notarized legal documents, was a loan officer, and served as a real estate broker. Milton Sr.’s income allowed him to provideRead MoreThe Sonnet Is Derived From The Italian Word1662 Words   |  7 Pagesword sonnet is derived from the Italian word â€Å"sonetto† meaning â€Å"little song†. The history of the sonnet can be traced back to Italian origin where it influenced the re st of the world becoming a widely used strict poetic form for famous sonneteers. The sonnet sprung around the 13th century, according to the Folger Shakespeare Library it became significant in Italy when Francesco Petrarch first used it. This essay will discuss the Petrarchan sonnet, Spenserian sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. WeRead MoreEssay On Elizabeth Barrett Browning955 Words   |  4 PagesBarrett began her love for reading and writing poetry at a very young age. She began reading the classic poetry written by William Shakespeare and John Milton. At the age of 12, she wrote her first book of poetry. When Barrett was 14 years old, she suffered a spinal injury while riding her pony. The doctors diagnosed her with a skeletal disorder that would require her to take opium, which she became addicted to for the rest of her life. For all of Barrett s life, doctors didn’t know what was exactlyRead MoreEssay about Copmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 1471489 Words   |   6 PagesCopmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 147 Light/Dark. Comfort/Despair. Love/Hate. These three pairs of words manage to sum up William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 147, while also demonstrating the duality of Shakespeares heart. Sonnet 116 reveals to a careful reader the aspects of Shakespeares concept of what ideal love is. However, Sonnet 147 shows the danger of believing in this ideal form of love. These two sonnets perfectly complement and clarify each otherRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning, An English Poet Of The Victorian Era1004 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan her love for reading and writing poetry at a very young age. She began reading the classic poetry written by John Milton and William Shakespeare. When Barrett was 12 years old she wrote her first book of poetry. When Barrett was 14 years old, she suffered a spinal injury while riding her pony. The doctors diagnosed her with a skeletal disorder that would require her to take opium, which she became addicted to for the rest of her life. For all of Barret t s life, doctors didn’t know what was exactlyRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s London 1802 994 Words   |  4 PagesLondon 1802 In â€Å"London 1802† William Wordsworth expresses his distaste for the stagnation and demoralization of the English Society and summons the legacy of the highly esteemed, deceased poet John Milton to make a case for himself as a new spiritual leader for his home nation, England. Wordsworth has much contempt for the current state of English society; he claims that the English people have disconnected from the elements that had made Great Britain the wonderful nation that it was.Read MoreEssay on Origins and Explanations of The Sonnet1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sonnet The sonnet originates in Italy in the 12th and 13th century. The term comes from the Italian for little song and the best known Italian sonneteers were Dante and Francesco Petrarca. Petrarch proved most influential on the sonnets successive history, leaving his predominant theme of secular love as well as the form itself to subsequent poets. In 14th century Italy the sonnet was clearly established in as a major form of love poetry. The sonnet is aRead MoreEnglish As A Waste Of Time Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesour company s status. Good grammar and spelling were very essential in these reports since any incorrect information could misconstrue the data and reflect poorly on upper management s presentation. Many employees appreciated my expertise and I was even offered a job by my boss to tutor his children in English. Using English as a Purchasing Agent My second and current job is working as a purchasing agent for aerospace and transportation parts. Export is the key to this company s business andRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that do

Early Cognitive Abilities Of Infants - 1842 Words

Early cognitive abilities in infants are critical because they are building blocks of later cognition, and executive functioning (Rose, Feldman, Jankowski, 2016). To further development and have health mental health, caregivers and parents need to provide a secure environment where infants can engage in a number of activities. Research show that social interactions between infants and caregivers are critical for a wide range of human activities, including language learning Grossmann (2015). Additionally, socially integration with others is essential for healthy infant development and functioning throughout their lives Grossmann (2015). Numerous evidence shows that early experiences in language, reading, and emotional regulations in†¦show more content†¦Murray and Egan (2014) state that the average age for parents to begin reading to infants is between 7 months and 9 months. Reading to pre-school-age children can make starting school easier by providing a head start in liter acy and increased cognitive functioning (Murray Egan, 2014). A beneficial advantage of literacy is that it may be retained in later childhood and adulthood. Murray and Egan (2014) reference a study conducted by the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The researchers in this study found that as part of a child’s early communication environment, the number of books infants at 6 months own, this is a predictor of their expressive language at 24 months (Murray Egan, 2014). In addition to expressive language, the child s school entry assessment is also a predictor (Murray Egan, 2014). In another study referenced by Murray and Egan (2014), a study by DeBaryshe (1995) concluded that early reading has a positive impact on children. Research has shown that when parents and caregivers read to younger children it has a greater effect than reading to older children in the promotion of literacy skills (Murray Egan, 2014. Reading to young children helps childre n develop social skills such as listening and interacting with an adult. Reading to children promotes joint attention, which isShow MoreRelatedHow Do Infants And Toddlers Develop Their Cognitive Abilities?1372 Words   |  6 PagesHow do infants and toddlers develop their cognitive abilities? Essentially, the formative years of research on the aspect of cognitive growth in infants made certain assumptions, for instance, an infant growth was significantly simplified. However, modern research indicates that there is a complex pattern of cognitive development in infants. To answer the question, it is imperative to start by understanding what the cognitive aspect of the development of infants is. Ideally, infants and toddlersRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory , first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MorePersonal Statement1651 Words   |  7 PagesBackground and Inspiration From an early age, I have a strong aspiration to understand how a human mind works. I was fascinated by how complicated the underlying theories and motivations are in human reasoning and decision-making. I first realized I wanted to study psychology after I took a social psychology course during the last year of my degree in economics. While economics gave me a strong mathematical and statistical foundation, I felt that this subject is insufficient to help me fullyRead MoreThe Effects Of Deferred Imitation During The Sensorimotor Period1037 Words   |  5 PagesImitation and observational learning are important in aiding the attainment and portrayal of new behaviours, beginning as early as infancy (Meltzoff, 1993, p. 467). Deferred imitation and mental representations were concepts by developmental psychologist Jean Piaget in his theory of infant cognitive development. Deferred imitation refers to a child’s ability to imitate the actions that they have seen others perform , following a delay, (Slater, Lewis, Anzures Lee, 2011). Piaget proposed that theRead MoreChild Development Is The Growth And Change Within A Child s Intellectual And Mental Abilities Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognition†, â€Å"affliction†, and â€Å"modulates mood† swings, â€Å"anxiety†, â€Å"and aggression† (Mate, 2013). 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Mary Ainsworth, a pioneer in the study of attachment describes attachment as an emotional bond between persons who binds them through space and time. Attachment is the basis for social skills. (As stated by Vaughn) According to Vaughn, through loving interactions betweenRead MoreThe Amygdala And Social Cognition830 Words   |  4 Pages1. What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition? Choose two or three specific social cognitive processes and review the evidence in support of amygdala participation. (Please note that you DO NOT need to read outside of our articles. The importance of the amygdala in social cognitions has been examined in both primate and human studies. Use of primates to study the social brain suggests that the amygdala contributes to social cognition. Kluver and Bucy made large bilateral lesions in monkey

Culture And International Business Negotiations - 1188 Words

Culture and International Business Negotiations Global trades account for more than 60% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (The Economist, 2014, para. 2), therefore, the important role of International Business Negotiations (IBN) in the global economy. Manrai and Manrai article The Influence of Culture in International Business Negotiations (2010) discusses the art and sciences aspects of successful IBN from a cultural perspective. Culture has been classified in innumerable ways and the comprehension of its influence on a variety of human behaviors is almost impossible, since its nature is extremely complex. Some scholars conceptualized that the influences of culture â€Å"transcend in terms of the beliefs, norms, traditions, and values†. The article’s authors analyzed different theories and suggested that there are six distinct ways in which culture affect IBN, separating them in two blocks: Characteristics of the Negotiators and Behaviors of the Negotiators. Negotiator’s Characteristics 1. Negotiator’s Goals: the expectations and objectives vary, as well as â€Å"how† negotiators expect to achieve them. For instance, some cultures differ as: deal-focused versus relationship-focused, win-win versus win-lose, integrative versus distributive, and competitive versus cooperative. 2. Negotiator’s Inclinations: Indirectly, culture also influences human behavior through predispositions and attitudes. For example, negotiators can diverge in terms of willingness to take risks, orientationShow MoreRelatedThe International Business Negotiations Influenced By Chinese And American Cultures And Differences743 Words   |  3 Pages Discussion on the international business negotiations influenced by Chinese and American cultures and differences Jialin Zhao CMN6060 Professor Stephen Novick October 26, 2016 Abstract Cultural negotiations are business negotiations with different cultural conditions. 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Alzheimer`s Disease (903 words) Essay Example For Students

Alzheimer`s Disease (903 words) Essay Alzheimer`s DiseaseAlzheimers Disease (AD) is one of the most common of the dementing illnesses. Aprogressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain, causing impairedmemory, thinking and behavior. A person with Alzhiemers Disease may experiencepersonality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, confusion and difficultyfinishing thoughts, following directions or even finding the right word to sayin a conversation. Once advanced the sufferer may require a caretaker as dailychores become very difficult to accomplish. Evidence points toward amyloid asone of the main causes for the occurring cytotoxic processes. Researchers havefound that degeneration appears to be caused by interference with intracellularcalcium homeostasis via activation of calcium channels, intracellular calciumstores, and further production of free radicals by calcium-sensitive enzymes. The glutamatergic system seems to be involved in mediating the toxic processes. In the brain, the nerve cells in the part that controls memory and thinking aredamaged, this interrupts the passage of messages between communicating cells. The cells undergo distinctive changes, these are called neuritic plaques (groupsof degenerating nerve cell ends) and neurofibrillary tangles (groups of twistedfilaments which accumulate in previously healthy nerve cells). The cortex (usedfor thinking) of the brain shrinks, the spaces in the center of the brain becomeenlarged causing reduction of the surface area in the brain. Symptoms of ADusually occur in older adults and are the ones most at risk, although people intheir 40s and 5Os may also be affected. The symptoms include a loss ofintellectual capacity, loss of language skills which may include having troublefinding words, poor or decreased judgment, problems with abstract thinking,disorientation in place and time, changes in mood or behavior and changes inpersonality. AD does not discriminate, it affects any race, socio background orsex equally. The classic symptom of forgetfulness is part of the normal agingprocess and usually begins in early middle age, however, normal forget fulnessdiffers from Alzheimers Disease in many important ways. The cause ofAlzheimers Disease is not exactly known. Suspected causes undergoing researchare neurological damage, chemical deficiencies, viruses, environmental toxinsand malfunctions in the bodys disease defense systems and genetics. There isalso evidence of a slightly increased risk of heridity of AD amongst children,brothers and sisters of patients with this disease. It is also important to notethat AD can only be diagnosed 100% after death through an autopsy of theaffected subjects brain tissue. About a third of autopsies turn up a differentdiagnosis and thus family members are encouraged to ask for an autopsy as acontribution to the study of the disease and about the genetics of AD. There isno single clinical test for AD. It is usually diagnosed by ruling out all othercurable or incurable causes of memory loss. A positive diagnosis of this diseasecan only be made by microscopically studying a small piece of brain tis sue afterdeath. The cerebral cortex of an Alzheimer sufferers brain will havecharacteristic abnormalities such as cells marred by plaques and tangles. Aworking diagnosis can be made though through various testing procedures thatinclude a complete physical as well as neurological and psychologicalexaminations. At this time there is no definite cure or treatment for AD,although there are many suppliers of products which claim to help sufferers, butthe products are more like over-priced placebos with no documented evidence ofalleviation of the illness amongst sufferers, but glutamate receptor-selectivedrugs, some antioxidants, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, calcium channelantagonists, receptor or enzyme inhibitors, and growth factors promise futurehelp in curing this disease. Combinations of drugs that act at different levelsmay also prolong the sufferers life/health. People diagnosed with AlzheimersDisease can live anywhere from 2 to 20 years after memory loss symptoms start tosurf ace. It shortens the sufferers expected life span, but through appropriatecare and medical attention the patients oftenlive for many years. Death cantusually be predicted until the end stages where symptoms are nearing theirworse. Some patients in late or terminal-stage Alzheimers tend to lose weightand have difficulty swallowing, difficulties with bladder control, walking andtalking. They are also known to curl into a fetal position. Sufferers most oftendie through a series of repeated infections such as bladder infections orpneumonia. Although the following estimations are from American literature, asexplained earlier we know that AD has a more or less universal effect amongstthe populations, ratio wise. Alzheimers afflicts approximately 4,000,000Americans and its estimated that one in three of us may have a relative thatwill suffer from this degenerative disease. More than 100,000 die annually whichmakes AD the fourth largest cause of adult death in the US. It is also a verycostl y disease monatary wise in that about half of the patients in nursing homeshave this illness with an estimated $80 billion spent annually on the care of,diagnosis, treatment, etc. People who suffer from AD often require 24-hour careand supervision, this is mostly provided by family and friends in a home. .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .postImageUrl , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:hover , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:visited , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:active { border:0!important; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:active , .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63 .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf13ae39ed0bb3ac537063ae59ae4b63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lessons of Life EssayBibliographyBliss T. V. P Collingridge G. L (1993) A synaptic model of memory: Long-termpotentiation in the hippocampus, Nature 361 31-39 * Clarris H. J. et al (1994)Secretion of nerve growth factor from septum stimulates neurite outgrowth andrelease of the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimers disease from hippocampalexplants J. Neurosci. Res. 38 248-258 * Disterhoft J. F et al (1994) The calciumrationale in aging and Alzheimers disease Calcium Hypothesis of Aging andDementia, Annual Academy of Science. N.Y. New York 382-405 * Holschier,C (1998)Neurobiology of disease, Academic Press 5 121-159 * http://www.ahaf.org/alzdis/about/adabout.htm* http://w ww.alzheimers.com/ * http://www.zarcrom.com/users/yeartorem/index4.html